Revisions of Coopers Model Essay Example

Revisions of Coopers Model Essay Over the years, several revisions have been made to Coopers original model. These are; Cooper and Baglioni (1988), and Robertson, Cooper and Williams (1990). The home/work interface aspect of the model was originally part of the individual differences section, but in 1988, this was incorporated as a sixth source of stress. The reason behind this was the increasing recognition that demands and conflicts from work could act as potential sources of stress at home and could also be transferred and influence work-related well-being. Also, in 1990, Robertson et al introduced coping strategies into the model as another aspect of individual differences. Although there are several features of the work environment, which have been associated with stress, Cooper and Marshall (1976) developed one of the earliest classifications which is still widely used today (Newell 1995). Criticisms Claire Harris (1998) criticizes Coopers model as describing a model of organizational stress rather than occupational stress. She argued that it was vague in relation to particular types of job-related stress. This is evident from the sources of stress, with only those intrinsic to job being occupational stresses and the rest being generic to organizations rather than occupations. Several researchers including Cooper have noticed this problem and have used the measurement of stressors for the particular occupation under study. Cooper and Bramwell (1992) for example, assessed mental health satisfaction and sickness absence from looking at a group of managers and shop floor workers. We will write a custom essay sample on Revisions of Coopers Model specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Revisions of Coopers Model specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Revisions of Coopers Model specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another criticism with this model is its simplistic left to right characterization of the stress process. In Lazarus Folkmans (1986) transactional model of stress, the extent to which a stressor in the environment results in strain outcomes depends on the interaction between the individual and their environment. The model also includes feedback loops which are not accounted for in Coopers model. Coopers model has also been criticized because it fails to show how individual differences relate to other parts of the model. Coopers model fails to account for organizational characteristics as moderators of the stressor strain relationship and does not indicate whether coping and personality have direct influences on stress outcomes or if they are combined to have an interactive influence. Although Cooper has incorporated individual differences in the model, further evidence is required to establish whether or not these differences have a direct effect or moderate strain outcomes. In addition to these criticisms, Coopers model does not account for other well known researched individual differences such as neuroticism (relating to well-being) and less researched factors such as extroversion and competence (Warr 1987). Conclusions Coopers 1986 model of work-related stress describes the main features of an individuals work and also of his/her home environment. He describes these in the Model of Stress at Work.  Although Coopers model is simplistic, it does give a general overview of how stress can influence an individuals relationships at work and at home.  It could be argued that Coopers model only concentrates on organizational stressors i.e. organizational structure, relationships at work, or career development. That being said, he mentions the feature of intrinsic to job, which is in fact related to occupational stress. Coopers model is still widely use today in the field of occupational psychology, but further revisions need to be made which describe the individuals coping strategies and personality, as they play a major role in the workplace with regards to a persons health. Further research also needs to be conducted on existing data and then it needs to be analysed directly with the H.S.E. References i)Brown et al 1999 Police Stress. ii)Claire Harris Msc Thesis (1998). iii)Daniels et al 2002 Stress Risk Report. iv)Jordan et al 2003 Practice stress in management. v)Parkes and Sparkes 1998 Organisational Stress Interventions.

Free Essays on Young Offenders Act

On April 1, 2003 the YCJA was created (Youth Criminal Justice Act) this act replaced the Young Offenders Act. The change in legislation is because the federal government is trying to reform the Canadian youth. Most of the young people that are imprisioned is because of the distruction of and/or in relation to propety. Only 20% of young people in custody in Canada have actually committed some sort of violent offence. The incarcertion rate for youth is higher then the rate for adults. Young people tend to get longer sentences then adults do. The YCJA includes among all of it's provisions a "declaration of principle " This declaration says that the victim should be treated with courtesy, respect and compassion they are also given an opportunity to participate and be heard. It also says that the criminal justice department system for young people should "emphasize fair accountability of young people depending with the dependancy of young persons and lower level of maturity." The YCJA trys to divert more and more young people away from youth court through the introduction to extrajudicial measures. The YCJA requires police officers to consider a few of the extrajudicial measures before starting any judicial proccedings, it is up to the police at first to decide what they think is in the best interest of the young offender in the case of a offence these extrajudicial measures include: taking no further action, warning the young offender; administering a caution; a referral that the young person joins a group or organization that may help in assisting the offender to not commit any more offences. But the YCJA still seeks to have the young people take responsibility for their offences. The offenders that admit to doing the crime are allocated a easier extrajudicial sanction. These sanctions may include any of the following; apologies to the victim; community service; or paying restitution if crime is property related. ... Free Essays on Young Offenders Act Free Essays on Young Offenders Act On April 1, 2003 the YCJA was created (Youth Criminal Justice Act) this act replaced the Young Offenders Act. The change in legislation is because the federal government is trying to reform the Canadian youth. Most of the young people that are imprisioned is because of the distruction of and/or in relation to propety. Only 20% of young people in custody in Canada have actually committed some sort of violent offence. The incarcertion rate for youth is higher then the rate for adults. Young people tend to get longer sentences then adults do. The YCJA includes among all of it's provisions a "declaration of principle " This declaration says that the victim should be treated with courtesy, respect and compassion they are also given an opportunity to participate and be heard. It also says that the criminal justice department system for young people should "emphasize fair accountability of young people depending with the dependancy of young persons and lower level of maturity." The YCJA trys to divert more and more young people away from youth court through the introduction to extrajudicial measures. The YCJA requires police officers to consider a few of the extrajudicial measures before starting any judicial proccedings, it is up to the police at first to decide what they think is in the best interest of the young offender in the case of a offence these extrajudicial measures include: taking no further action, warning the young offender; administering a caution; a referral that the young person joins a group or organization that may help in assisting the offender to not commit any more offences. But the YCJA still seeks to have the young people take responsibility for their offences. The offenders that admit to doing the crime are allocated a easier extrajudicial sanction. These sanctions may include any of the following; apologies to the victim; community service; or paying restitution if crime is property related. ... Free Essays on Young Offenders Act ABOUT THE YOA The Young Offenders Act was proclaimed into law in Canada on April 2, 1984. It replaced the Juvenile Delinquents Act, which had been in place for the previous 75 years. The YOA brought about significant changes from that previous legislation. Many were considered controversial right from the beginning and the critics started complaining even before it was officially proclaimed. One group thought that it was too harsh and created a new "Criminal Code for Kids". Others said it was too lenient and allowed young people to avoid responsibility for their actions. Little has changed in that regard, despite amendments to the YOA over the past 15 years. The criticism continues from both sides with many looking back to the time of the Juvenile Delinquents Act. In this web page, I propose to examine that earlier Act, and then go on to discuss various aspects of the YOA. Needless to say, emphasis will be placed on those areas that have generated criticism or controversy. Comments will also be m ade about the new Youth Criminal Justice Act, which was recently passed by the Canadian Parliament but has yet to be proclaimed in force. JUVENILE DELIQUENT’S ACT The JDA was a mixture of both criminal law and child welfare ("child protection" in some provinces) law. It was a reaction to the perceived harshness of earlier laws that treated children who broke the law just like adult offenders. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the fundamental aim in criminal jurisprudence was not reformation but punishment. This applied equally to children and there were numerous reported decisions about young children who were hanged. By the late 19th century, reformers, who were incensed by the harshness of this, clamored for change. They sought to protect and redeem those who they saw to be the victims of vicious environments, unfortunate heredity and cruel treatment at the hands of parents and employers. Juvenile court reform was only ...

Business Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Business Administration - Essay Example The value of them is $87 million. The total assets of Apple Inc are $2404 million. The value of NY Fund is substantial when compared to individual investors and small when compared to institutional investors. The compensation regarding the legal suit will bring out a change in the earnings per share and may result in a slight fall in the share value of the company. This can be termed as minimum risk but the chance of decrease of the share price cannot be ruled out. This depends on market's interpretation of a particular practice. If it is removed from the economic reality or regulators try to take any action, there is a chance of losing profit on investing in Apple Inc. (Susan Mangiero, 2007)1 It can be termed that the Apple Inc is holding excessive cash than the requirements. This has been a strategic tool for the company to maintain liquidity or to save the depreciation of assets. This will not increase the earnings per share as the excessive cash is not invested and incurs zero income. The net income is $1,774 million at the end of march 2007 and the cash in hand for the company is more than $7 million. The cash generated by operational activities i8s only $2547 million. This indicates that the company is holding the cash from previous quarter and it is the cash is more than that required for investments. (Apple Inc, 2007) 2 The elements of marketing s... In the second week, the program integrates these core elements to create a cohesive marketing strategy within the context of an effective overall business strategy. In-depth knowledge of competitive dynamics and how to integrate marketing strategy into the overall business strategy Frameworks for analysing customer preferences and enhancing customer relationships Building and managing brand equity with effective market communication Marketing and innovation produce results; all the rest are costs. Marketing is the distinguishing, unique function of the business. The innovation of the company is regarding the products but not regarding the marketing. This may effect the profitability and earnings on share.3 Complex market, intense competition, expectant customers, and demanding shareholders require more intelligent marketing.4 In order to develop a well-informed decision making marketing, a variety of analytical and planning mechanisms are perquisite. and ORAC model: optimising, reasoning, analogising and creating 2.3 Misleading strong numbers: The computer hardware industry depends on US and non US consumer price competition. The slow down of commercial orders middled in the corporate sales and affected the apple inc. While the computer industry increased all over the world, it just increased by 3 percent in US. It is 17.6 percent in Asia pacific and 22.2 percent in Eastern Europe. The Apple Inc did not pierce into the markets that are fast growing like Asia pacific, Eastern Europe and Latin America. This resulted in the lack of growth of the business of the company and affected the profitability. This inability of the company can be termed as risk for investing in the company. The major rise in computer hardware demand was captured by

Beauty (Re)discovers the Male Body by Susan Bordo Essay

Beauty (Re)discovers the Male Body by Susan Bordo - Essay Example Technology has played a vital role in the evolution of advertisements, and television, radio, print media, LED screens etc are the most readily and widely accepted sources of advertisements. The studies conducted on consumer behavioral psychology have given marketers a boost in tackling their consumers. Basic human needs and desires can be a very effective accelerator for marketing since they grab attention more easily. The primary trends in advertisements that Bordo talks about in â€Å"Beauty (Re)discovers the male body† are of clothing and fashion. These two goods have found their most successful marketing approach which is to tell the consumer what is beautiful and what is not. The advertisements of these two products have primarily changed the perception of beauty and that can be observed in the recent years. The concept of masculinity has shifted in the recent years. Once the Marlboro described masculinity as tough, rough and calm in its advertisements, now masculinity i s more associated with the white collar look. The role of genders in advertisemnts has changed in a peculiar sense. The essence has been the same. The portrayal of men and women has been for the same purpose but it has changed its mode and approach. The aim has been to provide the consumer with a unique identity and for that the consumer can be convinced of what identity he/she wants. Self image has become increasingly important over the last two decades and this self image is primarily related to the appeal their appearances produce to other people. The desire to look like someone else and the desire to have someone else is in essence the reason for the war of the sexes. The video commercial of Calvin Klein underwear X can be an ideal depiction of objectification of men. The commercial stars four male models with seemingly perfect bodies; three of them white and one black. The commercial is in black and white and the models seem to be oiled up. Each guy addresses the viewers indivi dually in his underwear. Almost all the underwear that they are wearing highlights the outline of their penises. The commercial starts with one model calling the viewers. After the first model makes his statement, the camera shifts to the next model and after he makes his statement the camera shifts to the third models and this is how the advertisement continues showing all four models addressing the viewers in a cycle. All four male models are extremely confident and blunt. They convey confidence, through an image they portray, that anyone can succumb to their sexual appeal. The models have stiff but not exactly Schwarzenegger bodies. For convenience in visualizing the advertisement, the advertisement can be broken down into parts. In the first part of the commercial each model asks the viewers if they want to see his penis. Though the word â€Å"penis† itself is censored, the audience, as is evidently intended by the advertisement’s producers, can well make it out. I n the second part the models assert that the viewers want to see their penises. They are shown to be so good at reading the minds of people from their experience that they know for sure that the viewers want to see their penises. One of the models asks the viewers to look at his face not at his crotch. In the second part of the commercial one of the models makes a bargain for showing his penis. His statement sounds like â€Å"

The Mission - from Religious and Theological Perspective Essay

The Mission - from Religious and Theological Perspective - Essay Example Directed by Roland Joffe and written by Robert Bolt, the film won the Academy Award for Best cinematography. From the plot summary, it is obvious that film mainly focuses on the religion of Christianity. Throughout the film, various facets of Christianity are explored and that includes the role played by that religion during the colonization of territories by the European or Western colonial powers in early centuries, particularly the role played by the Christian missionaries in the ‘evolution’ of the native population. The film also focuses on the core Christian beliefs and teachings, and delves into how different sections of population interpret those beliefs and teachings. â€Å"If you are looking for a fascinating portrayal of historical Christian faith and missions during the centuries past, â€Å"The Mission† is it (though not a â€Å"Christian† production itself).† (Paul, n. d) In the film, the religion of Christianity plays a vital component. That is, The Mission features the series of struggles faced by Father Gabriel in his journey to preach Christianity to the indigenous people, gain their trust and evangelize them. During that journey, the concept of Christianity is clearly highlighted. â€Å"The film is set in the 1750s and involves the Jesuit Reductions, a program by which the European Catholic Church sought to Christianize and â€Å"civilize the indigenous native populations of South America.†(â€Å"The Mission – Summary†, n. d). The representation of Christianity in the film seems to be accurate, as it reflects the activities of the Christian missionaries and other groups to spread Christianity in many lands in the early centuries. That is, the movie mainly focuses on the group of Jesuit priests traveling to distant lands in an attempt to spread and reach the Word of God to the native population. In addition, in those early times, the Jesuit priests/missionaries use to live with the native population for many years, instead of having a temporary stay. In a way, they coexist with the local people, thereby understanding their culture, lifestyle, problems, etc. In the movie also, Father Gabriel along with Mendoza permanently live and carry out constructive work in the Guarani settlement. â€Å"This fact is consistent with historical missions created by Europeans in South America, where Jesuit priests would coexist with tribes such as the Guarani.† (Fritz, 2010). Hence, the representation of Christianity in the film can be considered accurate, and also as an effective means of revealing the holistic features of Christianity. In the film, the Jesuit priests’ attempts to evangelize the native South American population provide key perspectives about the expansion activities of Jesuit priests as well as the core values of Christianity. The key message delivered in the film is how the ‘education’ of the native people about the basic principles of Chr istianity can bring about certain constructive changes in their society. Thus, the film in a way conveys a positive message; as it makes the native people to understand and imbibe the vital components of Christianity namely love towards fellow men, compassion, peace, sacrifice, etc. Though the Guarani initially resist and oppose the preaching of the Father Gabriel, in the latter part of the film, they even go to the extent of dying for his cause. â€Å"This movie depicts the role of religion in the European

Political Representation in Everyday Life: Feminism

Political Representation in Everyday Life: Feminism Expanding upon Pitkins Concept of Representation in Everyday Life:  Feminist Politics and the Feminist Movement in United States History Background The notion of â€Å"political representation† is one that is misleadingly simple. In viewing this type of representation, it is clear that many people, including scholars, fail to come to an agreement as to a particular definition. Political representation seems to occur when political actors: speak, advocate, symbolize, and act on the behalf of others in the political arena, offering individuals a type of political assistance which they would otherwise lack.[1] However, much research notes that this understanding is not as straightforward as it may seem at first glance. Rather, it leaves the concept of political representation underspecified with â€Å"multiple dimensions competing† with on another.[2] In attempting to close the gap on this overarching definition, Hanna Pitkin offers a comprehensive discussion of the concept of political representation in her work: The Concept of Representation. Pitkin established four distinct theories of representation: formalistic representation, including authorization and accountability; symbolic representation; descriptive representation; and substantive representation. [3] One can begin to view real-life historical examples under the lens of Pitkins theory in order to see if these examples fit into Pitkins overall view. One example that seems to fit Pitkins theoretical model is that of feminism and the ongoing feminist political movement in the United States. But, in viewing Pitkins theories, it becomes clear that Pitkin is vague in certain areas. In viewing certain accounts by researchers on the topic of feminism, it appears that Pitkin doesnt bring her definitions together in the manner that is necessary. Rather, it appears that feminists who cite Pitkin in their assertions, find her to lack the real descriptive representation that feminism requires in the realm of U.S. politics. Political Representation in Everyday Life: Feminism Pitkins four types of representation, formalistic representation, including authorized, deals with a situation in which a representative is legally empowered to act for another. Symbolic representation, occurs when a leader stands for national ideas. Descriptive representation occurs in situations when the representative stands for a group by virtue of sharing similar characteristics such as race, sex ethnicity or residence. And, substantive representation takes place in situations when the representative seeks to advance a groups policy preferences and interests. [4] In understanding this theoretical basis in terms of the feminist movement throughout United States history, one can see that until fairly recently, â€Å"the assumed political actors, both represented and representative† were male.[5] And, at the core of feminism is the issue of representation itself. As seen in the aforementioned notion, feminism from an historical standpoint has always involved the â€Å"prope r representation of women,† and postmodernism itself tends to question this agenda, questioning â€Å"the very identity of womanhood itself† in its wake. [6] As such, the starting place for a discussion regarding feminist engagement within the realm of political representation can be dated back to Pitkins theories, as Celis and Childs claim that for Pitkin, the â€Å"crucial dividing line in forms of representation is the distinction between standing for and acting for representation. Pitkins argument is seen in feminist involvement in politics in the U.S., as only recently in U.S. history, have women been able to both stand for and act for themselves.† [7] Celis and Childs note: â€Å"Many feminist scholars emphasize a relationship, albeit half-fastened, between the descriptive and the substantive component of representation; being female – or standing for – is conceived as an enabling condition for the substantive representation of women – or acting for. Thus, the argument here is simple: women, when present in politics, are more likely to act for women than men. Crucially, though, this is not a guarantee that they will. Moreover, this relationship is underpinned not by sex, but by gender – womens shared experiences.†[8] As such, the idea of being a women equates to standing for women and more generally pushing for the representation of women within a larger group equates with acting for women, and this notion of the quest for extended feminism in the U.S. fits into the model that Pitkin has set forth in terms of representation. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes that for Pitkin, disagreements about representation can be â€Å"partially reconciled by clarifying which view of representation is being invoked (formalistic, descriptive, symbolic and substantive), as each view provides a clearly distinctive view for examining representation. [9] In citing Pitkins theories in the realm of feminism, i.e. establishing citizenship for women and giving women the vote, the public has sought to establish a means of political representation that allows the people to decide, by establishing â€Å"fair procedures for reconciling conflicts, which provides democratic citizens one way to settle conflicts and issues about the proper behavior of their representatives.†[10] The U.S., as a nation, fueled by the will of its citizens, advanced the feminist movement by allowing women to achieve a status equal to their male counterparts. In many ways, the feminist movement in the U.S. falls in line with Pitkins overarching theory, making it easy to understand and apply, thus allowing her theories to be utilized by people whom they govern – women in particular. And, in this capacity, the notion of â€Å"acting upon† comes directly into play when viewing the female population in the U.S. and their historical fight for equality. Pitkin notes that a representative democracy, which is used in the United States, is based upon the principle of elected officials representing a group of people, and the two models that are often used to describe representative democracy are the â€Å"trustee model† and the â€Å"delegate model,† which are both present in Pitkins democracy. [11] The trustee model allows representatives â€Å"greater autonomy,† permitting them to make the decisions â€Å"actually going against the interests of their constituents,† other than the delegate model, which â⠂¬Å"requires representatives act as a mouthpiece for the wishes of their constituency.†[12] And, as these two models clearly place contradictory demands upon elected officials and political representatives, the journey to change the way representatives act upon and for the substantive representation of women has been a rocky one. Additionally, there is much to learn from the example of feminism as it relates to Pitkins definition of political representation, especially in terms of what Pitkins definitions leave out. Pitkin argues that formalistic (emphasizing institutions that facilitate representation – namely the rules that govern how representatives make decisions on behalf of others) and substantive (which includes all of the ways in which representatives â€Å"act for† or on behalf of the represented) representation are the most significant types, believing that a representatives identity is only relevant when it is related to his or her actions, noting: â€Å"A representative must first of all be capable of effective action, otherwise he or she is no representative at all.†[13] However, Childs and Lovenduski note: â€Å"The relative importance, indeed the practical applications and interactions of two of Pitkin’s concepts of substantive and formalistic have come under close feminist scrutiny. There is relatively little feminist scholarship, theoretical or empirical, on authorized representation. Conceptual, and to a lesser extent, empirical research on symbolic representation is also somewhat limited. For Pitkin, symbols are often arbitrary with no resemblance to the represented. Assessing the adequacy of symbolic representation relies on whether the representative is believed in, a criterion Pitkin found wanting. For feminists the notion that women are symbolically represented when they believe they are, even if all the representatives are men, is intuitively unsatisfactory.†[14] Additionally, as the feminist movement â€Å"vehemently argues for the importance of adding the who to the liberal notion of democracy, often criticizing the how, many have sought to genderize Pitkins categories in an attempt to connect the who to the what to the how and the where or representation.†[15] As such, there is a myriad of research which seeks to stretch Pitkins theories in order to better define them in the realm of womens substantive representation and the enhancement of the feminist movement. As many of the definitions of â€Å"womens substantive representation† seem to revolve around being a â€Å"representative of women† as well as a pillar of â€Å"womens interests† or working â€Å"on behalf of women,† studies that use the term â€Å"womens substantive representation† often take as their point of departure, Pitkins concept of â€Å"representing as acting for . . . in the interest of.†[16] This concept was developed in Pitkins text as â€Å"one of four different concepts of representation,† but many argue today that Pitkin never fully explained how these four different views of representation fit together, and as such, the question has become â€Å"central to the study of gender and politics today.† [17] Conclusion As seen, while Hanna Pitkins concepts of representation are applicable in viewing the history of feminism and the rights of women in the United States, there are certain facets of these concepts which must be adjusted in order to define the representation of women in the most accurate way and make Pitkins assertions less vague. In viewing Pitkins theories in relation to feminism and the feminist movement within the United States, it becomes clear that Pitkin is vague in certain areas. In viewing the aforementioned accounts by researchers on the topic of feminism, it appears that Pitkin doesnt bring her definitions together in the manner that is necessary. Rather, it appears that feminists who cite Pitkin in their assertions, find her to lack the real descriptive representation that feminism requires in the realm of U.S. politics. The question that arises then is how Pitkins notion of representation can be adjusted in order to provide women with the descriptive representation necessary. As with any definition comes certain limitation and questions that surround the finite nature of a term. This is applicable in viewing Pitkins theories in relation to feminism. References Celis, Karen and Childs, Sarah. â€Å"The Descriptive and Substantive Representation of Women.† Parliamentary Affairs. Vol. 61. March 2008. 419-425. Childs, Sarah and Joni Lovenduski. â€Å"Political Representation.† 2012. In Waylen, Georgina, Celis, Karen, Kantola, Johanna and Weldon, Laurel (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Escobar-Lemmon, Maria and Michelle Taylor-Robinson. Representation: The Case of Women. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 2014. Print. Lovenduski, Joni, ed. State feminism and political representation. Vol. 315(1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pitkin, Hanna. The Concept of Representation. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 1972. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. â€Å"Political Representation.† Stanford University. January 2, 2006. Web. Retrieved from: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/political-representation/#PitFouVieRep on 4 March 2015. Tisosky, Chelsea. â€Å"Is a Womans Place in the House? An Analysis of Shared Gender and Political Representation.† Cornell University Department of Policy Analysis and Management. May 7, 2014. 15. Web. Retrieved from: https://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/ 1813/36336/2/tisosky_thesis.pdf on 4 March 2015. [1] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. â€Å"Political Representation.† Stanford University. January 2, 2006. Web. 1. [2] Ibid. at p. 1 [3] Pitkin, Hanna. The Concept of Representation. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 1972. [4] Pitkin, Hanna. The Concept of Representation. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 1972. [5] Childs, Sarah and Joni Lovenduski. â€Å"Political Representation.† 2012. Waylen, Georgina, Celis, Karen, Kantola, Johanna and Weldon, Laurel (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2. [6] Lovenduski, Joni, ed. State feminism and political representation. Vol. 315. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. [7] Celis, Karen and Childs, Sarah. â€Å"The Descriptive and Substantive Representation of Women.† Parliamentary Affairs. Vol. 61. March 2008. 419-425. [8] Celis, Karen and Childs, Sarah. â€Å"The Descriptive and Substantive Representation of Women.† Parliamentary Affairs. Vol. 61. March 2008. 419-425. [9] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. â€Å"Political Representation.† Stanford University. January 2, 2006. Web. 1. [10]Ibd. at p. 1 [11] Pitkin, Hanna. The Concept of Representation. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 1972. 67. [12]Tisosky, Chelsea. â€Å"Is a Womans Place in the House? An Analysis of Shared Gender and Political Representation.† Cornell University Department of Policy Analysis and Management. May 7, 2014. 15. [13]Pitkin, Hanna. The Concept of Representation. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 1972. 67. [14]Childs, Sarah and Joni Lovenduski. â€Å"Political Representation.† 2012. Waylen, Georgina, Celis, Karen, Kantola, Johanna and Weldon, Laurel (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2. [15]Escobar-Lemmon, Maria and Michelle Taylor-Robinson. Representation: The Case of Women. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 2014. Print. 62. [16]Ibid. at p. 62 [17]Ibid. at p. 62

Made Up Folk Tail :: essays research papers

Ezikeal Yoder was born in a basic Amish community some where in Pennsylvania with Amish parents that absolutely hated the Amish life style. In this town of quiltville Ezikeals parents Jacob and Olga treated him with very un-strict Amish rules they each had a little bit of different views for there son. Jacob wanted him to be live outside of the Amish community. Olga always wanted him to have a better education than work ethic. Both Jacob and Olga did agreed on wanting there son Ezikeal to make his own choices as he grew up. It was no secret to anyone in quiltville that the Yoder family disliked there lifestyle. They really couldn't leave this way of life though because Jacob and Olga knew they wouldn't make it very long in the age of all the new technology. Ezikeal's parents always used to tell little Ezikeal that "we don't want you spend your whole life exactly like an Amish, we want you to decide by your self as long as you follow the very basic ways of the Amish." As yo u can already tell ezikeal would never have a normal life with out much rejection. As Ezikeal grew older he was sent to public schools unlike the rest of the Amish children for the sake of ezikial's parents wanted to expose him to the outside world. The only reason the Yoder couple had the money to send there young son Ezikeal to public schools is because his mother is ranked the 6 th best quilt-maker in the world which makes them also the richest in quilttown. As guessed by Ezikeal's parents he went though school and was constantly made fun of with his full blown Amish beard at the age of five, he was constantly ripped on for always wearing black with a goofy hat. Going though elementary school and junior high Ezickial tried so hard to be normal like his parents wanted him to. Some where in Elementary school Ezikial deciding one day that he no longer wanted to devote his life to the bible and Amish farming life just like his parents. Ezikeal is now the age of 20 something and is a senior in High school still dressing and obeying the basic Amish ways. By this time Ezikeal has decided to completely leave the Amish community. The year is now 1993 and technology is completely changing America while the Amish, there still very bored. Made Up Folk Tail :: essays research papers Ezikeal Yoder was born in a basic Amish community some where in Pennsylvania with Amish parents that absolutely hated the Amish life style. In this town of quiltville Ezikeals parents Jacob and Olga treated him with very un-strict Amish rules they each had a little bit of different views for there son. Jacob wanted him to be live outside of the Amish community. Olga always wanted him to have a better education than work ethic. Both Jacob and Olga did agreed on wanting there son Ezikeal to make his own choices as he grew up. It was no secret to anyone in quiltville that the Yoder family disliked there lifestyle. They really couldn't leave this way of life though because Jacob and Olga knew they wouldn't make it very long in the age of all the new technology. Ezikeal's parents always used to tell little Ezikeal that "we don't want you spend your whole life exactly like an Amish, we want you to decide by your self as long as you follow the very basic ways of the Amish." As yo u can already tell ezikeal would never have a normal life with out much rejection. As Ezikeal grew older he was sent to public schools unlike the rest of the Amish children for the sake of ezikial's parents wanted to expose him to the outside world. The only reason the Yoder couple had the money to send there young son Ezikeal to public schools is because his mother is ranked the 6 th best quilt-maker in the world which makes them also the richest in quilttown. As guessed by Ezikeal's parents he went though school and was constantly made fun of with his full blown Amish beard at the age of five, he was constantly ripped on for always wearing black with a goofy hat. Going though elementary school and junior high Ezickial tried so hard to be normal like his parents wanted him to. Some where in Elementary school Ezikial deciding one day that he no longer wanted to devote his life to the bible and Amish farming life just like his parents. Ezikeal is now the age of 20 something and is a senior in High school still dressing and obeying the basic Amish ways. By this time Ezikeal has decided to completely leave the Amish community. The year is now 1993 and technology is completely changing America while the Amish, there still very bored.