Grahams Formula for Diffusion and Effusion

Grahams law expresses the relationship between the rate of effusion or diffusion of a gas and that gass molar mass. Diffusion describes the spreading of a gas throughout a volume or second gas and effusion describes the movement of a gas through a tiny hole into an open chamber. In 1829, Scottish chemist Thomas Graham determined through experimentation that a gass rate of effusion is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas particles density. In 1848, he showed that the rate of effusion of a gas is also inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass. Grahams law also shows that the kinetic energies of gases are equal at the same temperature. Grahams Law Formula Grahams law states that the rate of diffusion or effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass. See this law in equation form below. r ∠ 1/(M) ½ or r(M) ½ constant In these equations, r rate of diffusion or effusion and M molar mass. Generally, this law is used to compare the difference in diffusion and effusion rates between gases, often denoted as Gas A and Gas B.  It assumes that temperature and pressure are constant and equivalent between the two gases.  When Grahams law is used for such a comparison, the formula is written as follows: rGas A/rGas B (MGas B) ½/(MGas A) ½ Example Problems One application of Grahams law is to determine how quickly a gas will effuse in relation to another and quantify the difference in rate. For example, if you want to compare the effusion rates of hydrogen (H2) and oxygen gas (O2), you can use their molar masses (hydrogen 2 and oxygen 32) and relate them inversely. Equation for comparing effusion rates: rate H2/rate O2 321/2 / 21/2 161/2 / 11/2 4/1 This equation shows that hydrogen molecules effuse four times faster than oxygen molecules. Another type of Grahams law problem may ask you to find the molecular weight of a gas if you know its identity and the effusion ratio between two different gases. Equation for finding molecular weight: M2 M1Rate12 / Rate22 Uranium Enrichment Another practical application of Grahams law is uranium enrichment. Natural uranium consists of a mixture of isotopes with slightly different masses. In gaseous effusion, uranium ore is first made into uranium hexafluoride gas, then repeatedly effused through a porous substance. Through each effusion, the material passing through the pores becomes more concentrated in U-235 (the isotope used to generate nuclear energy) because this isotope diffuses at a faster rate than the heavier U-238.

Essay on Samoan Culture - 758 Words

Keenan Schwalger Mrs. Kay Berry English 1010 10/19/10 Samoan culture plays a large part in the lives of those with Samoan heritage. Samoan culture is kept strong in a Samoan house hold by keeping the culture alive. This is done by keeping family unity, the art of traditional tattooing, and eating traditional foods and cooking traditional ways. Family life in Samoan culture is huge. They value family very much. It is one of the most important parts of their life. They mostly live with their extended family all in one house in Samoa, or very near them here in the US. Traditionally the Grandmother and Grandfather will live with one their children and sometimes if needed, so will a couple of the Aunts and Uncles. The idea of sending a†¦show more content†¦Samoans believe the circular flying represents the cycles of life.† (Channell,18). In Samoa these tattoos are given to the chief of the family and he is the one who is fully tattooed. The tattooing is a very painful process and is done by taking pieces of sharpen bone and i nk and taping the tattoo in with a mallet. The tattoo designs are beautiful designs consisting of many geometric shapes put together in a way they flows. The tattoo is much respected. Once started, it must be completed or it will bring shame upon the young man, and his family. After it is completed, the young mans gains new status among his people. With the receiving of his tattoo, he has now taken on the responsibly of being a man, and also to be an example and leader of his family. In Samoa, eating is a large part of the traditional culture. Almost all Polynesians eat in family groups and often invite others to join in their large meals. They almost always cook more than is needed just in case someone drops in for dinner. A Sunday feast called toonoi is prepared in a large cooking pots big enough to feed almost an army. 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The Pacific as we know today was not always as it was implied. There were a variety of perspectives of The Pacific. Whether it was perceptions of the people, the culture and their way of life, these perceptions eventually changed over time. Many westerners categorised the Pacific islands as a land of paradise which caused for the heavy sexualisation of the islands. Others observed the Pacific Islands as a place of

Franco Zeffilis Film Version of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example For Students

Franco Zeffilis Film Version of Romeo and Juliet Essay Franco Zeffilis Film Version of Romeo and JulietRomeo and Juliet is a play about two young adults that fall in love with eachother. The only thing that is holding these tow lovers back is the feudingbetween the two families. Was Franco Zeffilis film version of the play Romeo and Juliet an improvementover Shakespeares play? Yes, Franco Zeffellis film was an improvement overShakespeares play because he changed the dialogue a little, he made the locationbetter, and the Tybalt and Romeo duel was action packed. I really liked the real elaborate scenery in the movie. I liked all the nicelooking buildings. I also liked the scenery because it was real open and rightin the center of the city. Franco Zeffelli really added a lot to the great battle scene between Romeo andTybalt. In the actual play the fight sounded stupid and it seemed like itbarely lasted a minute. In the movie the fight scene was great because it was along fierce fight. Franco Zeffellis film was a great improvement over Shakespeares play. He madeit better by taking out some of the boring dialogue. He changed the sceneryaround a lot. The fight scene was a lot better also. Over all the film wastwice as good as the play.

The Life Of Charles Dickens Essays (1113 words) - Charles Dickens

The Life of Charles Dickens INTRODUCTION This report will talk about the life of a famous author, Charles Dickens. It will tell you about his early, middle, and later years of his life. It will also talk about one of his great works of literature. In conclusion, this report will show a comparison of his work to his life. EARLY LIFE Charles Dickens was born at Landport, in Portsea, on February 7, 1812. His father was a clerk in the Navy Pay-Office, and was temporarily on duty in the neighborhood when Charles was born. His name was John Dickens. He spent time in prison for debts. But, even when he was free he lacked the money to support his family. Then, when Charles was two they moved to London. 1 Just before he started to toddle, he stepped into the glare of footlights. He never stepped out of it until he died. He was a good man, as men go in the bewildering world of ours, brave, transparent, tender-hearted, and honorable. Dickens was always a little too irritable because he was a little too happy. Like the over-wrought child in society, he was splendidly sociable, and in and yet sometimes quarrelsome. In all the practical relations of his life he was what the child is at a party, genuinely delighted, delightful, affectionate and happy, and in some strange way fundamentally sad and dangerously close to tears. 2 At the age of 12 Charles worked in a London factory pasting labels on bottles of shoe polish. He held the job only for a few months, but the misery of the experience remain with him all his life. 3 Dickens attended school off and on until he was 15, and then left for good. He enjoyed reading and was especially fond of adventure stories, fairy tales, and novels. He was influenced by such earlier English writers as William Shakespeare, Tobias Smollet, and Henry Fielding. However, most of the knowledge he later used as an author came from his environment around him. 4 MIDDLE LIFE Dickens became a newspaper writer and reporter in the late 1820's. He specialized in covering debates in Parliament, and also wrote feature articles. His work as a reporter sharpened his naturally keen ear for conversation and helped develop his skill in portraying his characters speach realistically. It also increased his ability to observe and to write swiftly and clearly. Dickens' first book, Sketches by Boz (1836) consisted of articles he wrote for the Monthly Magazine and the London Evening Chronicles.5 On April 2, 1836 he married Catherine Hogarth. This was just a few days before the anoucement that on the 31st he would have his first work printed in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club. And this was the beginning of his career. 6 Then, at 24, Dickens became famous and was so until he died. He won his first literary fame with The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club. Published in monthly parts in 1836 and 1837 the book describes the humorous adventure and misadventures of the English Countryside. After a slow start, The Pickwick Papers as the book was usually called gained a popularity seldom matched in the history of literature. 7 Then in 1837, Catherine's sister Mary, died. Because of her death Dickens' suffered a lot of grief. This led some scholars to believe that Dickens loved Mary more than Catherine. Catherine was a good woman but she lacked intelligence. Dickens and Catherine had 10 children. Then later in 1858, the couple seperated. 8 LATER LIFE His later years was basically consisting of two main additions to his previous activites. The first was a series of public readings and lectures which he began giving it systematically. And second, he was a successive editor. Dickens had been many things in his life; he was a reporter , an actor, a conjurer, a poet, a lecturer, and a editor and he enjoyed all of those things. 9 Dickens had a remarkable mental and physical energy. He recorded all his activites in thousands of letter, many of which made delightful readings. He spent much of his later life with crowded social friends from arts and literature. He also went to the theater as often as he could,